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The distribution of chaetognaths was investigated at 10 stations in the southern part of Korean waters (line S), at six stations in the eastern part of Korean waters (line E) and at 8 stations in the western part of Korean waters (line W). Ten species were present at the stations at line S and Flaccisagitta enflata and Zonosagitta bedoti were dominant among these species. Mean densities at line S ranged from 7 inds.m-3 to 27 inds.m-3. Five chaetognath species were found at the stations at line E and Zonosagitta nagae and Parasagitta elegans were the most abundant. Mean densities ranged from 1 to 10 inds.m-3. Four chaetognath species were present at line W and Aidanosagitta crassa and chaetognath juveniles were dominant in this line. Mean densities ranged from 21 to 199 inds.m-3. The density of chaetognaths was highest at line W while the diversity of chaetognaths was highest at line S. Individuals of chaetognaths were divided into two groups, a group of line E and a mixed group of lines W and E. This study suggests that F. enflata is a warm water species; Z. nagae is a mixed water species; P. elegans is a cold water species; and A. crassa is a less saline water species. The mtCOI of F. enflata, which was a dominant species in the sampling area, was analyzed. F. enflata that are present in waters around Korean were genetically divided into two groups, which may be influenced by various oceanic factors. 相似文献
56.
The pile-driving method produces considerable noise and vibrations. Hence, an auger-drilled pile method was developed as a low-noise and -vibration substitute. However, this method does not guarantee the bearing capacity of the pile unless some amount of pile-driving is performed. Therefore, the noise and vibration problems cannot be completely solved. In this study, a prebored screw pile method is proposed to solve these problems. In this method, piles are constructed by the rotary penetration of a screw pile into a prebored hole filled with some cement milk and whose diameter is smaller than that of the screw pile. To determine the shape of the screw pile, laboratory tests with model screw piles were conducted. Also, field load tests were conducted on an actual screw pile fabricated based on the laboratory test result and on a smooth-surfaced pile. In addition, the behavior of the screw pile was estimated by using three-dimensional finite element analysis. The results of the field load test and the numerical simulation showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the unit skin friction of the screw pile are very superior to those of the smooth-surfaced pile and the cement milk is an important factor in the prebored screw pile method. 相似文献
57.
In order to determine the effect of twine thickness on the size-selectivity of the driftnet used for the yellow croaker, size-selectivity tests were conducted with three different twine thicknesses (monofilament diameters of 0.279 mm (number’s method; No. 3), 0.321 mm (No. 4), and 0.360 mm (No. 5)) of driftnets for the yellow croaker in the seas around Chooja-do, Jeju Islands. The selectivity curve was estimated by using Kitahara’s method. In order to determine the physical properties of the twine used in the experimental fishing nets, we measured the breaking load, elongation, and stiffness under both dry and wet conditions. In terms of physical properties, the thinnest twine (No. 3) had the strongest breaking strength per unit cross-sectional area, along with good elongation and excellent flexibility. The thickest twine (No. 5) had the lowest flexibility. In terms of selectivity, the net of No. 3 twine showed the broadest selection range and, thus, a relatively low selectivity compared with the other nets, while the less flexible net of No. 5 twine showed the narrowest selectivity range and high selectivity. In addition, it was found that a thicker twine resulted in a smaller haul of small fish. Therefore, it can be inferred that the thickness of the twine affects the size of the catch and selectivity, and thus the size composition of the catch as well. 相似文献
58.
In this article, the possibility of sharing rain barrels and the potential benefit of reducing storage size through physical and non‐physical connections of rain barrels in a community are investigated. Using the concepts of homogeneous/heterogeneous users in rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS), two simple cases of a community composed of four prospective users are examined. The first is performed with the users who have the same mean and variance in water demands (homogeneous users), and the second is with the users with different means and variances (heterogeneous users). To take account for the rainfall characteristics in different places, historical records from six cities in the USA are used for storage–reliability–yield analysis. The result indicates that required total storage can be reduced by connecting multiple rain barrels. In addition, a significant difference is found between homogeneous and heterogeneous user groups. Homogeneous users do not achieve a substantial benefit from connecting their rain barrels; these users may even be disadvantaged by sharing. In contrast, heterogeneous users receive benefit by reducing the total required storage. Most benefit is expected between users with maximum difference in mean water demands. The reduction in storage size was as considerable as 37% in this study. The quantity of storage reduction depends on locations and target reliabilities. Knowledge of the benefits and limitations of rain barrel connections can improve RWHS performance through ability to customize a network plan for individual users. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
59.
Jae-Hun Park Kathleen A. Donohue D. Randolph Watts Luc Rainville 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(5):709-717
The distribution of deep near-inertial waves (NIWs) is investigated using data mainly from an array of 46 near-bottom acoustic
current meter sensors spanning a 600 km × 600 km region as part of the Kuroshio Extension System Study during 2004–2006. The
deep NIW distribution is interpreted in the context of both upper-layer and near-bottom mapped circulations. The wintertime-mean
mixed-layer NIW energy input, modeled from observed wind stress, has the same range of values north and south of the Kuroshio
Extension in this region. Yet, the wintertime-mean deep NIW energy distribution reveals a sharp factor-of-5 decrease from
north to south of the Kuroshio jet. This direct observational evidence shows that the Kuroshio Extension blocks the equatorward
propagation of NIWs. The NIW energy that does reach the sea floor within the subset of wintertime observations in the subtropical
gyre arrives with patchy spatial and temporal distribution. Elevated NIW energy in deep water is associated with anticyclones
in the deep barotropic flow and unassociated with upper layer eddies. 相似文献
60.
Keun-Hyung Choi Sung-Mi Lee Sang-Min Lim Mark Walton Gyung-Soo Park 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(3):307-317
Yellow Sea tidal flats are internationally recognised for their contribution to biological diversity and yet are under enormous
pressure from reclamation, pollution and overexploitation. The benthic macroinfauna community is the dominant community on
these tidal flats and a reliable indicator of benthic environmental changes. We surveyed the current benthic macroinfauna
community of the Ganghwa Southern Tidal Flat, the largest remaining Korean mud flat in the Yellow Sea, in order to examine
changes in the environmental situation of this benthic ecosystem. The results show a significant decline in species diversity
from the last survey made in 2003, and a shift in species composition with appearances of polychaetes indicative of pollution
and physical disturbances and other opportunistic species becoming dominant in both density and biomass. The benthic community
shift observed during the two study periods may be associated with increased nutrient pollution as well as increased physical
disturbances in this area. However, we recognise the limitations of the data both in frequency and scope but believe the significant
changes to the composition of the benthic fauna are sufficient to warrant concern. Observations are required to examine the
extent to which these human activities induce benthic community shift in this tidal flat. 相似文献